Tennessee Williamss Life Story Essays - English-language Films

Tennessee Williams' Life Story Tennessee Williams' Life Story Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, started in the memory of Williams. Williams' family encapsulated his dad, Cornelius Williams, his mom, Edwina Dakin Williams, his sister, Rose Williams, and his more youthful sibling, Dakin Williams. Cornelius was a heavy drinker, in every case away from home; Tennessee and Cornelius didn't have a solid relationship, By the late 1920s, mother and father were in open fighting, and both were acceptable soldiers. He got back home alcoholic and got a bill-maybe for Tom's dress or textbooks and he'd fly into rage.(Spoto, 18). Edwina, then again, adored refinement and the great habits of Southern upper class. (Barron's Book Notes, 2). Tennessee venerated Rose tremendously and were close as they could be. The Glass Menagerie depends on a mother and her two youngsters who live in a fantasy world away from society. Williams' play is drawn intensely upon his family life and encounters; they are a lot of corresponding to the occasions that happen i n Williams' life. Tom is designed according to Tennessee, a vigorous artist who works in a shoe production line; Williams was energetic about composition, He[Cornelius] saw that Tom given to his composition as unnatural for a kid his age? more regrettable, Tom didn't have allies among young men of his own age, not did he take an interest in sports.(Leverich, 82). Tom attempts to help his mom and sister by working in a shoe production line despite the fact that he dreams to turn into an artist. His mom objected to him composing just as his dad, Despite Tom's being distributed, Cornelius persevered in his conviction that his child was burning through his time and ought to think about an increasingly useful method of making a living.(Leverich, 82). Tennesse felt so melancholy and devastatingly hopeless that he didn't have a clue about another method of getting away from the real world yet to compose, At the typewriter he changed the disarray, the harshness, the longings into sonnets, and for a period he broke out a journal in which he recorded little stories about St. Louis road life.(Spoto, 20). Williams' character, in like way, felt that equivalent void, He[Tom] is an artist commonly and feels that his condition is pulverizing his innovative abilities.(Cliff Notes, 9). Amanda Wingfield identical representations Williams' mom, Edwina Dakin Williams. Both of these ladies live before; Amanda and Edwina were both southern beauties who despite everything long for their men of honor guests from an earlier time. (Bluff Notes). Additionally, Amanda Wingfield is an individual from the Daughters of the American Revolution simply like Williams' mom was, In 1905, Edwina was welcome to join the Columbus Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and to her at that point, as it would be for her entire life, this was a solitary honor.(Leverich, 25). Amanda understands that Laura doesn't have any cooperation with people in general and needs to obtain a type of ability so she will have the option to help herself later on, so she enlists Laura in a business college similarly as Edwina accomplished for Rose, Her mom, before long, selected her at the Rubicam Business College, trusting she would figure out how to be a transcriber, however that didn't turn out well either, yet she could support neither the weight nor the gathering contact.(Spoto, 20). Yet, even with the continuing moms, both Laura and Rose drop out of the class on the grounds that they are timid, ?and all the dates you were missing until they concluded that you had dropped out of school.(Williams, 40). Williams likewise depicted Laura as being calm and bashful simply like Rose. Rose lived in her own reality, much the same as Laura. Rose turned into a model for Laura when Williams was composing this play. Laura would prefer to have gathered minuscule glass creatures as opposed to associating with others. Rose and Laura are comparable that their noble men guest has a similar name, Jim O'Connor. Laura is bashful to such an extent that when she discovers who the men of their word guest is she revokes to join supper, There was a Jim O'Connor we both knew in high school?if that is the one that Tom is bringing to supper you'll need to pardon me, I won't go to the table.(Williams, 89). When Jim comes to have supper at the Wingfield's home, he is the

The eNotes Blog Diversity, Intersectionality, and Inclusivity#YANeedsMore

Decent variety, Intersectionality, and Inclusivity#YANeedsMore Recently the hashtag #YANeedsMore began drifting, and we bounced in to watch the discussion unfurl. We are ⠝ ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã¢  ¤Ã¯ ¸ ing the #YANeedsMore tweets! (@) July 23, 2015 Not amazing wasâ the number of calls for greater intersectionality and assorted variety; we wereâ pleasantly surprisedâ byâ the rich knowledge, input, thoughts, and individual encounters from many youthful grown-up, and legitimate grown-up, tweeters. The YA sort and especially its more seasoned perusers have been scrutinized for an array of issues and deficiencies. This drifting label was a weep for a progressively differed genre,â and ideally essayists and distributers will follow to coordinate their perusers encounters, societies, stories, and connections. Here are a portion of our most loved #YANeedsMore. More  poor familiesâ #YANeedsMore Poor families.(Growing up in a marginal destitution network, I found the upper white collar class standard in YA distancing.) Kody Keplinger (@Kody_Keplinger) July 23, 2015 More  teen young ladies whoâ #YANeedsMore high schooler young ladies who know they dont ever need to settle down and have children. Only one out of every odd young lady likes babies. Carrie Ann (@Writer_Carrie) July 24, 2015 More  queer kids beingâ #YANeedsMore strange children being legends in a story that has nothing to do with their sexuality. Tristina Wright (@TristinaWright) July 23, 2015 More  fat kids withâ #YANeedsMore fat characters w/intersectional ids (mogai, poc, disabled,etc.) bc most fat singes Ive seen are white/cishet/capable inver (@invertweets) July 24, 2015 More  neuro-atypical individualsâ #YANeedsMore neuro-atypical people without making them sad or needing fixing. Steven Gould (@StevenGould) July 23, 2015 More  girls whoâ #YAneedsmore young ladies who approve of being single. Sentiment is acceptable and fun however being single is a decent (sound) thing Akchita S. (@KailiaSage) July 23, 2015 Greater  diversity ofâ #YANeedsMore decent variety. of skin, adores, sex, size, shape, minds, cerebrum sciences, convictions. jenperator larsen (@jenfoo) July 23, 2015 More  friendshipsâ #YANeedsMore fellowships! Solid kinships. Poisonous fellowships. Kid/young lady fellowships. Kid/kid fellowships. Young lady/young lady companionships. Molli Moran (@MissMolliWrites) July 23, 2015 More  complex parent-teenager relationshipsâ #YANeedsMore complex parent-teenager connections that arent impelled by separation, infection, or an emergency. Saba Sulaiman (@agentsaba) July 23, 2015 More  trans teensâ whoâ #yaneedsmore Trans teenagers who are happy with being trans. Nonbinary adolescents! Genderqueer teenagers! Nita Tyndall (@NitaTyndall) July 23, 2015 More  retellings of classicsâ #YANeedsMore retellings of works of art that are not by Jane Austen or Shakespeare lets see a YA Villette or Dorian Gray! Claire Hennessy (@clairehennessy) July 23, 2015 More  ambitious teensâ #YANeedsMore yearning youngsters. Youngsters are continually making/changing plans constantly, more stories on what to do on the off chance that it doesnt go to design. Lily Meade (@LilyMeade) July 23, 2015 More  cats? Uh I dont necessarilyâ disagree with this. #YANeedsMore feline POV stories Jeff Crook (@JeffCrook2b) July 23, 2015 What do you think YA needs a greater amount of? Tell us in the remarks, and add your voice to the pattern!

10 Tips on How to Study

10 Tips on How to Study EP 70: 10 Tips on How to Study EP 70: 10 Tips on How to Study Did you know that your attitude and how you approach studying can have a significant impact on your grade? Studying is not anyone’s idea of fun, but if you approach it with a positive mindset, that can make all the difference. Today on the show we are giving you 10 tips on how to study! Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Did you know that your attitude and how you approach studying can affect your grade? Now, studying is no ones idea of fun, but if you have the right mindset and you approach it in the right way, it can make all the difference. Today on The Homework Help Show, we are talking about how to study. Hi, guys. And welcome back to our channel. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] My name is Cath Anne and this is The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global. Here on the show, we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Now, before we jump into the content today, I wanted to remind you to hit that notification bell and make sure to subscribe to our channel. We have lots of amazing collaborations coming up for the fall and winter season and we dont want you to miss out on any of our great content. Make sure to also follow us on Instagram and Facebook so you can keep in the loop about Homework Help Global and all that we have to offer. OK. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:01:17] Tip number one, make sure to get organized. Carry a small notebook and a planner with you at all times. Enter test assignments, events, projects right into your planner as soon as theyre assigned or as soon as you learn about them. Keeping organized will give you a heads up when it comes to studying. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Tip number two, create a study environment that you enjoy. Now, Ive mentioned this in a few of our other videos, but let me talk about it again because I think it is really important. Create a study environment that motivates you to study. You want to feel inspired when you sit down to study. So this might mean setting the mood with some music, some low fi study music. Maybe you light a candle, maybe you put on your diffuser or sitting in a comfortable chair. In essence, you want to motivate yourself to study because studying is a difficult task. You want to be able to enjoy it as much as possible. Another suggestion is to decorate with art that really inspires you or create a vision board so that it can remind you of your long term goals when youre in the slog of studying for that big exam. Cath Anne: [00:02:40] Tip number three. Use strategies like the Pomodoro Method. Now, this is one of my favorite study methods. And again, Ive mentioned it a few times. But lets go over it. I think it can be really helpful, especially in October, November, when things are ramping up and youre studying for exams. So the Pomodoro Method is essentially youve set an alarm for twenty minutes. Sit down. Work, work, work, study, study, study. Then take a five minute break once the alarm goes off. After your five minute break, reset your alarm for another twenty five minutes and so on until you have completed one hour of study. Once you have completed your hour of study, then take a longer break. Take a 25 to 30 minute break. Get up, walk around, do some yoga, have a snack. Once youve completed your long break, go right back in and complete your twenty five minutes. Again, working in these twenty five minute increments has been shown to increase motivation and productivity. Cath Anne: [00:03:50] Tip number four, pay attention in class. Paying attention in class is essential to absorb all the information. Practice active listening and write notes in your own words so that youll retain them when you return home and study, avoid distractions at all costs. Put away your phone. Turn off your computer and make sure that no ones chatting around you. All of these distractions can lead to a failure to retain information. Now that was about pay attention in class. Cath Anne: [00:04:25] Tip number five, avoid distractions at all costs. Distractions are everywhere. As I mentioned there on our cell phones or on our computers, there are around us with our friends talking. If you are sitting near people who are talking all the time or chatting, consider moving. This is definitely going to affect your ability to learn and your ability to remember information for the exams and studying in the future. Cath Anne: [00:04:53] Tip number six, make sure your notes are complete. Writing clear, complete notes will make all the difference when it comes to studying. Writing clear, concise notes is going to help you to process the information that youre learning in the classroom. Write your notes in your own words. So when you go away and try to study when youre home, it will be easier for you to understand and for you to process. If you do miss a class or you have an appointment, make sure that you connect with the teacher or another student so that they can help you to fill out your notes and let you know of anything that you missed. Writing clear, concise notes and having a specific area for them will make all the difference when it comes to study time. Cath Anne: [00:05:45] Tip number seven, make use of practice exams. You know those tests at the end of a text book or the chapter of a textbook. Have you ever done them well? Those are there for a reason. Those are there to help you understand how much you know and how much more you need to study. Make use of those practice exams. Although those practice exams might not be exactly what your teacher will be asking you on the test, it will give you a good sense of what you already know and what more you have to study. It is a great prep for your future exam. Cath Anne: [00:06:29] Tip number eight, have a notebook there beside you while you are studying. Having a notebook on your desk while youre studying is very important. While youll be making notes in your binder or in your textbook. Have a notebook beside you to make note of any questions or concerns that come up while youre studying. In this way, youll be able to take your notebook to your teacher and ask them specific questions. This will help you to remember to speak to your teacher and ask them all of the specific questions that you had during your study time. Cath Anne: [00:07:08] Tip number nine, raise your hand and ask a question if you have one. Were all familiar with those review classes where the professor goes over everything thats going to be on the exam. Make sure that you take advantage of this time and raise your hand if you have a question. Now, if youre too shy to raise your hand, make a note in your little notebook to remind yourself to go speak to your professor after class. Theyll be happy to answer. Cath Anne: [00:07:38] Tip number ten for studying. Make a study, plan or schedule. Look through your course material and decide what needs to be studied. What are the questions that are going to be on the test? What types of questions and what information do you need to know? What chapters do you need to focus on? All of this information will help you to plan a specific study schedule. Decide how long you will need to study and set goals for yourself during each study session. This will help to keep your studying organized and on track so youll be prepared for that next exam. Cath Anne: [00:08:18] Okay, guys, so that is it for me this week. I hope this episode was of benefit to you. And good luck on those exams, as always. We always love to hear from you. So make sure to jump into the comments section below and let us know how youre making out with your midterms or your upcoming exams. If youd like to get in touch with us on social media, all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. You can connect with us on all of the social media platforms. And if you like this video, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel so you dont miss out on any of our other content. Thank you guys so much for joining me. I hope you are doing so well in your exams. Talk soon and take care. 10 Tips on How to Study EP 70: 10 Tips on How to Study EP 70: 10 Tips on How to Study Did you know that your attitude and how you approach studying can have a significant impact on your grade? Studying is not anyone’s idea of fun, but if you approach it with a positive mindset, that can make all the difference. Today on the show we are giving you 10 tips on how to study! Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Did you know that your attitude and how you approach studying can affect your grade? Now, studying is no ones idea of fun, but if you have the right mindset and you approach it in the right way, it can make all the difference. Today on The Homework Help Show, we are talking about how to study. Hi, guys. And welcome back to our channel. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] My name is Cath Anne and this is The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global. Here on the show, we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Now, before we jump into the content today, I wanted to remind you to hit that notification bell and make sure to subscribe to our channel. We have lots of amazing collaborations coming up for the fall and winter season and we dont want you to miss out on any of our great content. Make sure to also follow us on Instagram and Facebook so you can keep in the loop about Homework Help Global and all that we have to offer. OK. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:01:17] Tip number one, make sure to get organized. Carry a small notebook and a planner with you at all times. Enter test assignments, events, projects right into your planner as soon as theyre assigned or as soon as you learn about them. Keeping organized will give you a heads up when it comes to studying. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Tip number two, create a study environment that you enjoy. Now, Ive mentioned this in a few of our other videos, but let me talk about it again because I think it is really important. Create a study environment that motivates you to study. You want to feel inspired when you sit down to study. So this might mean setting the mood with some music, some low fi study music. Maybe you light a candle, maybe you put on your diffuser or sitting in a comfortable chair. In essence, you want to motivate yourself to study because studying is a difficult task. You want to be able to enjoy it as much as possible. Another suggestion is to decorate with art that really inspires you or create a vision board so that it can remind you of your long term goals when youre in the slog of studying for that big exam. Cath Anne: [00:02:40] Tip number three. Use strategies like the Pomodoro Method. Now, this is one of my favorite study methods. And again, Ive mentioned it a few times. But lets go over it. I think it can be really helpful, especially in October, November, when things are ramping up and youre studying for exams. So the Pomodoro Method is essentially youve set an alarm for twenty minutes. Sit down. Work, work, work, study, study, study. Then take a five minute break once the alarm goes off. After your five minute break, reset your alarm for another twenty five minutes and so on until you have completed one hour of study. Once you have completed your hour of study, then take a longer break. Take a 25 to 30 minute break. Get up, walk around, do some yoga, have a snack. Once youve completed your long break, go right back in and complete your twenty five minutes. Again, working in these twenty five minute increments has been shown to increase motivation and productivity. Cath Anne: [00:03:50] Tip number four, pay attention in class. Paying attention in class is essential to absorb all the information. Practice active listening and write notes in your own words so that youll retain them when you return home and study, avoid distractions at all costs. Put away your phone. Turn off your computer and make sure that no ones chatting around you. All of these distractions can lead to a failure to retain information. Now that was about pay attention in class. Cath Anne: [00:04:25] Tip number five, avoid distractions at all costs. Distractions are everywhere. As I mentioned there on our cell phones or on our computers, there are around us with our friends talking. If you are sitting near people who are talking all the time or chatting, consider moving. This is definitely going to affect your ability to learn and your ability to remember information for the exams and studying in the future. Cath Anne: [00:04:53] Tip number six, make sure your notes are complete. Writing clear, complete notes will make all the difference when it comes to studying. Writing clear, concise notes is going to help you to process the information that youre learning in the classroom. Write your notes in your own words. So when you go away and try to study when youre home, it will be easier for you to understand and for you to process. If you do miss a class or you have an appointment, make sure that you connect with the teacher or another student so that they can help you to fill out your notes and let you know of anything that you missed. Writing clear, concise notes and having a specific area for them will make all the difference when it comes to study time. Cath Anne: [00:05:45] Tip number seven, make use of practice exams. You know those tests at the end of a text book or the chapter of a textbook. Have you ever done them well? Those are there for a reason. Those are there to help you understand how much you know and how much more you need to study. Make use of those practice exams. Although those practice exams might not be exactly what your teacher will be asking you on the test, it will give you a good sense of what you already know and what more you have to study. It is a great prep for your future exam. Cath Anne: [00:06:29] Tip number eight, have a notebook there beside you while you are studying. Having a notebook on your desk while youre studying is very important. While youll be making notes in your binder or in your textbook. Have a notebook beside you to make note of any questions or concerns that come up while youre studying. In this way, youll be able to take your notebook to your teacher and ask them specific questions. This will help you to remember to speak to your teacher and ask them all of the specific questions that you had during your study time. Cath Anne: [00:07:08] Tip number nine, raise your hand and ask a question if you have one. Were all familiar with those review classes where the professor goes over everything thats going to be on the exam. Make sure that you take advantage of this time and raise your hand if you have a question. Now, if youre too shy to raise your hand, make a note in your little notebook to remind yourself to go speak to your professor after class. Theyll be happy to answer. Cath Anne: [00:07:38] Tip number ten for studying. Make a study, plan or schedule. Look through your course material and decide what needs to be studied. What are the questions that are going to be on the test? What types of questions and what information do you need to know? What chapters do you need to focus on? All of this information will help you to plan a specific study schedule. Decide how long you will need to study and set goals for yourself during each study session. This will help to keep your studying organized and on track so youll be prepared for that next exam. Cath Anne: [00:08:18] Okay, guys, so that is it for me this week. I hope this episode was of benefit to you. And good luck on those exams, as always. We always love to hear from you. So make sure to jump into the comments section below and let us know how youre making out with your midterms or your upcoming exams. If youd like to get in touch with us on social media, all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. You can connect with us on all of the social media platforms. And if you like this video, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel so you dont miss out on any of our other content. Thank you guys so much for joining me. I hope you are doing so well in your exams. Talk soon and take care.

Analysis Of The Four Major Identitys By Mark Lilla

After listening to the lecture that was given on the four major identities by Columbia history professor Mark Lilla. I learned what values and characteristics these four identities had. Lillia also gave many examples with which characters would fit in with certain identities and described which characteristics they took from that certain identity. There was one identity that I was more interested in and I as well viewed more positively compared to the other three identities, which was Sage. One of the reasons why I found the Sage more interesting than the other three identities; the soldier, the saint, and the citizen was because professor Lillia said that there are two types of sage. The first one being, one who draws lessons from†¦show more content†¦I thought these drawbacks that the sage has werent as bad when compared to the other three. The soldier could mistake honor with vanity, courage with hubris, and his duty with vengeance. The saint could end up being very naive and since they tend to stick to the rules and anything that they are told they tend to not think for themselves making them square. The citizen tendency for trying to fit in make them just another face in the crowd, they can have an absence of their own distinctive identity. The sage is his own person and may have a bias but at least they choose what they believe because there have been examples or they themselves have had an experience, which I strongly believe is better than trying to bl end in or following the rules blindly in order to be liked. With the soldier its sort of self explanatory because I believe its better to think before you act, dont let your emotions negative or positive dictate your actions because even though it feels like a good choice it may end up not being so. Professor Lilla gave an example of a character that was a sage, this same character was talked about in our History 104 class. This character was Socrates, he was a classical Greek philosopher. In an article I read about Socrates called â€Å"Socrates† written on thoughtCo.com by N.S. Gill, the author stated that socrates could possibly be the wisest sage of all time. Socrates is a man whoShow MoreRelatedVietnams Bank Risk Management33687 Words   |  135 Pagesmanagement in banks, and understand the facts about the Vietnamese credit conditions. Four research questions will step by step guide the audience on how these objectives are achieved. In order to give out an evaluation of credit risk management practices, this thesis has tried to build a list of assessment criteria deriving from the literature that has been revised during the study. The criteria are grouped into four categories: credit culture, credit policies, credit organization personnel and creditRead MoreAutobi lography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesmade me happy. I played some ball with the kids and tried to make sure everyone was feeling alright, and of course I spent time with my video games. It s like a disease for me. They eat me up. But since the time in Inter when I could play until four, five in the morning and go to practice after just a couple of hours sleep, I ve set some rules for myself: no Xbox or Playstation after 10 at night. I can t let time run away from me, and during these weeks in Spain I really tried to spend time

Euthanasia Is The Killing Of A Patient - 979 Words

Euthanasia is the killing of a patient who is painfully suffering with the help of a doctor. The classifications of euthanasia are voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is the consent of the patient and involuntary is the consent by another person because the patient is unable to do it themselves. There are also two procedures known as passive and active. Passive euthanasia is when the doctor stops doing something that will keep the patient alive. Active euthanasia is when the doctor does something that will cause the patient to die. Many people believe that passive is more acceptable than active. Active is more a controversial issue due to religious and ethical beliefs. Euthanasia passive and active should be legal everywhere because it gives the patient the right to choose, give them dignity, does not harm others, and helps stop their suffering. Many people believe it is morally wrong because the doctors’ intentions are to kill an innocent human being which is the same as murder. Legalizing euthanasia can lead to more deaths because people will think that suicide is the solution to life’s problems. It can send a message that people can commit suicide with the help of others without having a deadly illness. The Netherlands, proves the reality of it increasing the death of others. The death by euthanasia was reported in 2006 to be 1,9223 in 2007 it increased to be 2,120 and in 2011 almost 4,000 people died of physician assisted suicide. Studies estimate thatShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is Painless Killing Of A Patient1435 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma, also means to take a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering. 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Those in favor argue that this is done motivated by kindness and a desire to end suffering. Those against Euthanasia understand why those in favor of Euthanasia say it is ok to practice it, but one must understand that Euthanasia is contrary to the Hippocratic Oath. According to the Hippocratic Oath doctors should never, â€Å"give a deadlyRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pagessuffering from intractable diseases. There are patients with terminal cancer that the cells had spread to all over the body and leukemia-stricken patients who sustain their lives by agonizing anticancer treatments. Although the y keep living relying on medical treatment or ventilators, their qualities of life are extremely low and even sustaining their own lives is harsher than killing themselves. In the past, there have been practices of mercy killing for incurable animals. If the animals seem impossibleRead MoreThe Moral Permissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesPermissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia To date, in the united States of America, active euthanasia has been seen as unacceptable in legal terms. However, the issue is not so clear in moral terms among the public, and especially among the medical community. In fact, nearly half of the doctors in the United States say that they would prescribe active euthanasia under certain circumstances. The law that prohibits active euthanasia restricts many people fromRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe morality of euthanasia continues to be a controversial topic. Its subject matter, death, is shrouded in emotional feelings that often obscure the logical appraisal of the subject. For opponents of euthanasia, passive and active euthanasia are seen as distinct and subject to different morality rulings. According to Vaughn â€Å"Active euthanasia is said to involve performing an action that directly causes someone to die†¦ Passive euthanasia is allowing someone to die by not doing something that would

Homo Neanderthalensis †the Neanderthals Free Essays

Since their discovery more than a century ago, the Neanderthals have hovered over the minds and have baffled the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They seem to fit in the general scheme of human evolution, and yet they’re misfits. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. We will write a custom essay sample on Homo Neanderthalensis – the Neanderthals or any similar topic only for you Order Now p. 367) In a way they are like us the modern Homo sapiens but yet are a very different species. But the real question that needs to be answered is â€Å"why the Neanderthals were considered a different species than the Homo sapiens and what made them go extinct? † The first Neanderthal remains were discovered in the year of 1856 in Germany. This discovery of a skullcap and partial skeleton in a cave in the Neander Valley (near Dusseldorf) was the first recognized fossil human form (Smithsonian 2007b). This was the first time Neanderthal fossils were discovered, as skulls were unearthed in Engis, Belgium in 1829 and Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar in 1848. However; these earlier discoveries were not known as belonging to archaic forms. The type of specimen, named Neanderthal 1, consisted of a skull cap, two femora, three bones from the right arm, two from the left arm, part of the left ilium, fragments of a scapula, and ribs. When this skeleton was recovered the workers thought the bones belonged to a bear. The workers then gave the material to an amateur naturalist Johann Karl Fuhlrott, who then in turn gave the fossils to anatomist Hermann Schaffhausen. The discovery was jointly announced in 1857. In 1864, a new species was known as: Homo Neanderthalensis. These, and later, discoveries led to the idea that these remains were from the ancient Europeans who played an important role in modern human origins. The bones of over four hundred Neanderthals have been found since. The most controversial one was excavated in 1908 at La Chalpelle-aux-Saints in southeast France. This was a nearly complete skeleton of a man who would have been elderly by the Neanderthals standards. The bones were analyzed between 1911 and 1913 by the well known French paleontologist, Marcellin Boule. But unfortunately his prejudices got in the way of scientific objectivity. He described the La Chapelle- aux-Saints man, and subsequently all Neanderthals, as dull- witted, brutish and ape-like creatures who walked hunched over with a shuffling gait. Today scientists think he misjudged the Neanderthal posture because the adult male that was discovered had osteoarthritis of the spine. Also, and probably more important, Boule and his contemporaries found it difficult to fully accept that the Neanderthals would have been the ancestor of modern humans. The skull of this male, which was 40 years old when he died, is very large with a cranial capacity of 1,620cm. Typical of western European classic forms, the vault was low and long; the brow ridges are immense, with the typical Neanderthal arched shape; the forehead was low and retreating; and the face was long and projecting. The La Chapelle skeleton wasn’t a typical Neanderthal, but and unusually robust male. Who â€Å"evidently represented an extreme in the Neanderthal range of variation† (Brace et al. , 1979, p. 117). The term â€Å"Neanderthal Man† was named by an Irish anatomist William King. He named them after the Neander River Valley. Classic Neanderthal fossils have been found over a large area, from northern Germany, to Israel to Mediterranean countries like Spain and Italy, and from England in the west to Uzbekistan in the east. The first proto- Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago. (Bischoff et al. 003). By 130,000 years ago, full blown Neanderthal characteristics were present. Neanderthals became extinct in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago. There is recently discovered fossil and stone-tool evidence that suggests Neanderthals may have still been in existence 24,000 years ago, at which time they disappeared from the fossil record and were replaced in Europe by modern Homo sapiens. (Rincon 2006, Mcilroy 2006, Klein 2003, Smithsonian 2007b, 2007b, 2007c). The classic Neanderthal cranium was large, long, low and budging at the sides. Viewed from the side, the occipital bone is somewhat bun-shaped. The forehead rises more vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the brow ridges arch over the orbits instead of forming a straight bar. The Neanderthals were robust, barrel-chested, powerfully muscled. They also had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw. This robust skeletal structure, in fact, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through all premodern forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 370). Neanderthals had a compact body of short stature. Males averaged 1. 7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an estimate to weigh 84kg (185lb), and females averaged 1. m (5ft) tall and an estimate 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals also differed from modern Homo Sapiens in that they had a low forehead, double arched brow ridge, larger nasal area, projecting cheek region, weak chin, obvious space behind the third molar, heavily-built bones, broad scapula, short lower leg and arm bones relative to the upper portions, occasional bowing of the limb bones, the hip rotated outward, a long and thin pubic bone, and large joint surfaces of the toes and long bones. (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals had noses that were broad and very large. They had limb bones that were thick and had large joints which indicate they had strongly muscled arms and legs. The shin bones and forearms tended to be shorter than those of modern humans. The pelvis was wider from side to side than in modern humans and this may have slightly affected their posture. One striking feature of Neanderthals was the brain size, which in these hominins actually was larger than that of H. sapiens today. The average for contemporary H. sapiens is between 1,300 and 1,400 cm, while for Neanderthals it was 1,520cm. The large size may have been linked with the metabolic efficiency of a larger brain in cold weather. Neanderthals mostly lived in cold climates, and their body proportions are similar to those of modern cold-adapted people for example the Eskimo people. The Eskimo people also live in very cold areas, and have a larger average brain size than most other modern human populations. Neanderthals develop quite differently in their childhood than the Homo sapiens. Neanderthal children may have grown faster than modern human children. Where as modern Homo sapiens have the slowest body growth of any mammal during childhood with lack of growth during this period being made up later in an adolescent growth spurt. The possibility that Neanderthal childhood growth was different was first raised in 1928 by the excavators of the Mousterian rock-shelter of a Neanderthal juvenile. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, â€Å"Apparently Neanderthal children assumed the appearances of maturity at an earlier age than modern children. †(Keith, Arthur p. 346) The rate of body maturation can be inferred by comparing the maturity of a juvenile’s fossil remains and the estimated age of death. Evidence shows that Neanderthals had a complex culture although they did not behave in the same ways as the early modern humans who lived at the same time. Scholars debate the degree of symbolic behavior shown by Neanderthals as finds of art and adornment are rare, particularly when compared to their modern human contemporaries who were creating significant amounts of cave paintings, portable art and jewelry. Some researchers believe that the Neanderthals lacked cognitive skills to create art and symbols and, in fact copied from or traded with modern humans rather than create their own artifacts. The Neanderthals had a reasonably advanced toolkit classified as Mode 3 technology that was used by early members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This was also known as the Mousterian, named after the site of Le Mousteir. Near the end of the time of the Neanderthals, they began to utilize the Chatelperronian tool style similar to the blade tools of Homo sapiens. . The tools of the Homo sapiens differed from that of the Neanderthals. The tools of the Homo sapiens were much more detailed as they were made out of ivory, bones antlers, and wood. There is little evidence that Neanderthals used antlers, shell, or other bone materials to make tools; their bone industry was relatively simple. However, there is good evidence that they routinely constructed a variety of stone implements. The Neanderthal (Mousterian) toolkits consisted of sophisticated stone-flakes, task-specific hand axes, and spears. Many of these tools were very sharp. Neanderthals trimmed a flint nodule around the edges to form a disk-shaped core. Each time they struck the edge, they produced a flake, and they kept at it until the core became too small and was discarded. There is also good evidence that they used a lot of wood, although such artifacts would likely not have been preserved (Henig 2000). Chatelperronian is one of the most advanced tool style than that of the Mousterian. This occurred at about the same time as modern humans entered Europe. Many archeologists think that the Neanderthals were attempting to copy the types of tools that they observed modern humans making. Alternatively, it is possible that they may have obtained these tools by trading with the modern humans. While Neanderthals had weapons, no projectile weapons have been found. They had spears, in the sense of a long wooden shaft with a spearhead firmly attached to it, but these were not spears specifically crafted for flight. The Neanderthals used their hunting weapons for hunting prey in close proximity and usually hunted in their localized areas. Because Neanderthals had no long-distance weaponry and were mostly limited to thrusting spears, they many have been more prone to serious injury-a hypothesis supported by paleoanthropologists Thomas Berger and Erik Trinkaus (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 376). Where as the modern Homo sapiens made use of spear-thrower and bow and arrow. With these weapons the Homo sapiens had a wider range of social contacts, perhaps permitting larger, more organized hunting parities. The Neanderthals built hearths and were able to control fire for warmth, cooking and protection. They were known to wear animal hides, especially in cooler areas. However, there is no physical evidence that Neanderthal clothing was sewed together, and it may have simply been wrapped around the body and tied. A very intriguing find was excavated a hollowed-out bear femur that contained holes that may have been deliberately bored into it. This bone was found in western Slovenia in 1995, near the Mousterian fireplace, but its significance is still a matter of dispute. Some paleoanthropologists think that it might have been a flute, while others have expressed that it is a natural bone modified by bears. Another way in which Neanderthals differed markedly from contemporary modern Homo Sapiens, Homo sapiens employed a much wider range of materials from across Europe- such as seashells from Atlantic and mammoth ivory from southern Germany. Neanderthals, by contrast, probably stayed mostly around their caves and campsites. So they did not trade like the modern Homo sapiens. They probably transported their stone materials from short distances- just a few kilometers away. This suggests that Neanderthals activity was localized and territorial. Although much has been hyped about the Neanderthal’s burial of their dead, their burials were less elaborate than those of anatomically modern humans. The interpretation of the Shanidar IV burials as including flowers, and therefore being a form of ritual burial (Solecki 1975), has been questioned (Sommer 1999). On the other hand, five of the six flower pollens found with fossil Shanidar IV are known to have had traditional medical uses, even among relatively contemporary populations. In some cases Neanderthal burials have been found with grave goods, such as bison and auroch bones, tools, and the pigment ochre. On the other hand burial of Modern Homo sapiens were more much more complex, and frequently included both tools and remains of animals (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 378) Neanderthals occupied a range of environments across Europe and the Middle East and lived through a period of changing climatic conditions. Ice Age in Europe was interspersed with warmer periods but by 110,000 years ago average temperatures were on the decline and full glacial conditions had appeared by 40,000 years ago. There is evidence that the Neanderthals hunted big game and chemical analysis of their fossils shows that they ate significant amounts of meat supplemented with vegetation. Despite this mixed diet, nearly half of the Neanderthals skeletons studied show the effects of a diet deficient in nutrients. Researchers have long debated whether Neanderthals also included human meat in their diets. It is not always easy to determine whether the cut marks on human bones are due to cannibalism, or some other practice or even animal teeth. But in recent years new evidence has emerged that suggests that some Neanderthals may indeed have been cannibals on occasions. The cave of El Sidron in Spain yielded hundreds of Neanderthals bones with cut marks, deliberate breaks for marrow extraction, and other signs that the bodies had been butchered for flesh in the same way as animals. There is Neurological evidence for potential speech in Neanderthalensis existed in the form of the hypoglossal canal, which is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull. The canal of Neanderthals is the same size or larger than in modern humans, which is significantly larger than the canal of Australopithecines and modern Chimpanzees. The canal carries the hypoglossal nerve, which supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor coordination. Researchers indicate that this evidence suggests that Neanderthalensis had vocal capabilities similar to, or possibly exceeding that of, modern humans (Kay et al. 1998). However, a research team from the University of California, Berkeley, led by David DeGusta, suggests that the size of the hypoglossal canal is not an indicator of speech. His team’s research, which shows no correlation between canal size and speech potential, shows there are number of living non-human primates and fossilized australopithecines that have equal or larger hypoglossal canal. In 1997, geneticists were able to extract a short sequence of DNA from Neanderthal bones from 30,000 years ago. In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. At roughly 3. billion base pairs, Neanderthal genome is about the size of the modern human genome. According to the preliminary sequences, 99. 7% of the base pairs of the modern human and Neanderthal genomes are identical, compared to humans sharing around 98. 8% of the base pairs with the chimpanzee. The researchers recovered ancient DNA of Neanderthals by extracting the DNA from the femur bone of a 38,000 year old male Neanderthal specimen from Vindija Cave, Croatia and other bones found in Spain, Russia, and Germany. Additionally, in 2010, the announcement of the discovery and analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from the Denisova hominin in Siberia revealed that this specimen differs from that of modern humans by 385 bases in the mtDNA strand out of approximately 16,500, whereas the difference between the modern humans and Neanderthals is around 202 bases. Groundbreaking analysis of the Neanderthal genome published in 2010 shows that modern humans and Neanderthals did interbreed, although on a very limited scale. Researchers compared the genomes of five modern humans with the Neanderthal, discovering that Europeans and Asians share about 1-4% of their DNA with Neanderthals and Africans none. This suggests that modern humans bred with Neanderthals after moderns left Africa but before they spread to Asia and Europe. The most likely location is the Levant, where both species co-existed for thousands of years at various times between 20-90,000 years ago. Interestingly, the data doesn’t support wide-scale interbreeding between the species in Europe, where it would have been most likely given their close proximity. Neanderthals persisted for hundreds of thousands of years in extremely harsh conditions. They shard Europe for 10,000 years with the Homo sapiens. Today they no longer exist. There are two main theories of why they have disappeared. The first theory says the Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens on a relatively large scale. Followers of this theory believe that although Neanderthals as organisms no longer exist their genes were present in early modern Europeans and may still exist today. Interbreeding diluted Neanderthal DNA because there were significantly more Homo sapiens. Neanderthals were a sub-species of Homo sapiens rather than a separate species and hence their scientific name is Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. There is quite a bit of evidence that supports this theory. There are features of Neanderthals in some Cro-Magnon (Homo sapiens) populations. For instance the discoverers of the 24,000-year-old skeleton of a modern human boy from Lagar Velho in Portugal argue that although the pelvis and facial morphology are sapiens-like, the robusticity and limb proportions are more Neanderthal-like. As the age of the skeleton is later than the time of the last known Neanderthal, these features must represent significant interbreeding and transmission of DNA between modern humans and Neanderthals. Cro-Magnon remains from Vogelherd in Germany and Mladec in the Czech Republic also exhibit a Neanderthal-like projection of the occipital bun at the back of the skull, more so than in later Homo sapiens. Various reasons have been proposed for the ‘replacement’ of Neanderthals by modern humans. Today, most theories accept that Neanderthals displayed advanced behaviors and adaptive strategies and were not sluggish brutes that stood no chance against the vastly superior Homo sapiens. Neanderthal reproductive success and survival rates appeared poor compared to Homo sapiens. Most Neanderthal remains were of individuals rarely over 30 years old and over half were children. Slightly better rates of reproductive success and childhood survival over 10,000 years could be all it took for Homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals. Neanderthals may have also lacked the adaptive nature of modern humans who had complex social networks across wide areas. Smaller populations of Neanderthals that tended to stay in limited areas may have made them vulnerable to local extinctions. The survival techniques of Neanderthals were not as developed as Homo sapiens. For instance, studies on stress and build-up of tissue in Neanderthal bones indicate they may have lacked systematic and directional planning in procuring food. This Neanderthal predominance of ‘brawn over brain’ may also be reflected in the number of skeletal injuries seen in both sexes, probably from close range hunting. Other studies show that 40% of Neanderthal remains have hypoplasia, a condition caused by lack of nutrients in early childhood. This is supported by tests on Neanderthal bone collagen which indicate that meat was very significant in Neanderthal diets to the point that they may be lacking the nutrients from other sources used by Homo sapiens, especially fresh water products and vegetable matter. Researchers also believe climate could have played a major role in Neanderthal’s extinction. New data on the glacial period that occurred from about 65,000 to 25,000 years ago (known as OIS-3) shows that it was a period of rapid, severe and abrupt climate changes with profound environmental impacts. Although Neanderthals were physically adapted to the cold, the severe changes in conditions (within individuals’ lifetimes in many cases) allowed no time for populations to recover. I believe doing this research on Neanderthals has taught me a lot more than I knew. I was fascinated by the anatomical differences and similarities between the Homo sapiens and the Neanderthals. I got to learn a lot about their lifestyles, their cultures and how the Neanderthals became extinct. I was surprised to know that some Neanderthals showed evidence of cannibalism. Now having done the research on the Neanderthal, if I was asked to answer my own research question I would be able to answer it. Neanderthals were different from the Homo sapiens for various reasons. They were anatomically different than the Homo sapiens. The Neanderthals were strong and robust while the Homo sapiens today are not as robust and barrel-chested as the Neanderthals. Also the brains of the Neanderthals were larger than the Homo sapiens today. Also I found the extinction theories of the Neanderthals very interesting. I agree with the climate theory. It was mentioned as evidence that the weather was so abrupt and severe it might have affected the Neanderthals negatively leading them to go extinct. Overall this research project made me become aware of all our previous human ancestors. How to cite Homo Neanderthalensis – the Neanderthals, Essay examples

Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure

Question: Discuss about the Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure. Answer: Introduction: The article was written as a result of the work of the European Society of Crdiologys taskforce that was established to deliberate concerning treatment and diagnosis of the condition. The article reports that heart failure is a serious illness that can be treated if appropriate guidelines are adhered to. It is a qualitative research that was conducted by using qualitative tools to collect and analyze the data. Heart failure is a complex procedure that requires professionalism, commitment, and patient-centeredness during treatment and management. Each patient has unique needs that should be addressed at any given time. The article is suitable for the case study because it provides useful information on the guidelines to follow during treatment and diagnosis of heart failure. A good reason why many heart failure patients fail to get satisfactory healthcare services is that many practitioners do not follow the right procedure when attending to them. Therefore, by using this article, the quality of care given to the patients will definitely increase. It will adequately inform the healthcare provider that when serving a patient with heart failure, they should be aware of the right and appropriate procedures to adhere to. This article was authored by Ress, K., Brunner, E., Thorogood, M., and Dyakova, M. and published by the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2013. In this article, the writers present a candid research conducted on the relationship between diet and hearty failure. Just like any other illness, heart failure requires diet to be taken so seriously. It is a qualitative type of research whose data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. The research established that diet forms a significant component of the management and treatment of all the cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare providers to be ready to provide excellent dietary advice to the patients. Food is a necessary human need that should be taken so keenly especially during illnesses. The article suits the information in the case study. Its application can help in improving the quality of life of the patient. Charlie is an elderly patient who, amongst other challenges, faces a problem of nutrition. When equipped with proper advice on diet matters, the cardiovascular patient can be to make better decisions that can facilitate the regaining of his health no matter how challenging it might be. Therefore, the article is a recommended resource whose inclusion in the case study will help in providing quality services to the patient. This article was written by Dahlstrm, U., Mrtensson, J., Levin, L., Strmberg, A., Karlsson, J.E., and Fridlund, B. and published by the European Heart Journal in 2003. It is a randomized trial that was conducted to study the contribution of nurses on the enhancement of self-care behaviours amongst the heart failure patients. It was a randomized research whose data was collected using a computerized randomization technique. The finding is that nurses should be active participants in the management of heart failure. If the patients with heart failure are properly managed by the nurse, they can increase their chances of survival. The research concluded that the survival rates increase because under the nurses leadership, cardiovascular patients can be empowered to adopt beneficial self-care behaviours. The article is suitable for usage in the case study because it touches on an aspect of cardiovascular care that should be taken seriously. The emphasis on the role of nurse in the provision of support to the cardiovascular patient is commendable. As was found in the research, the patient should be part of the management of cardiovascular diseases (Damman, et al., 2014). If the patient, for instance, adopts self-care management strategies and applies them appropriately, they can positively contribute towards the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, to do this, the nurse should be actively involved. Justification for your choice of sources ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology is one of the articles that should be used as a reference material for the research. The article suits Charlies case because of its strengths. First, it is a credible resource that was written by reputable scholars who made lots of significant contributions in the field of cardiovascular illnesses. The article is appropriate because it contains important information that was gathered as a result of an extensive research conducted in collaboration between different reputable institutions Zannad, et al., 2015). Besides, it should be preferred to any other resource because it is an article that was peer-reviewed before it was eventually published. Meaning, it is a credible authority that should be relied upon when conducting a research on the management and treatment of heart failure as well as other cardiovascular diseases (Wu, Corley, Lennie Moser, 2012). Lastly, the article should be chosen because it is a well-researched paper. It contains useful information on the treatment as well as diagnosis of heart failure. The guidelines it contains are very important because their application can help in improving the quality of cardiovascular care (Molloy, O'Carroll, Witham McMurdo, 2012). Charlie is an elderly patient who has a very complicated case. The findings of the research conducted here are very important because they contain the guidelines that should be followed while serving the patient. If properly adhered to, the guidelines can help in improving the quality of cardiovascular care given to a patient like Charlie. It is therefore applicable in the study. Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk is a must-read article that should be used as a reference material when addressing the cases of cardiovascular illnesses. It is an invaluable resource that needs to be considered because it has important information on the aspect of diet. The rationale for including this article is that it has much strength. For example, it provides reliable information on the importance of diet in the life of a patient suffering from cardiovascular illness (McMurray, et al., 2014). As a matter of fact, diet is a very important thing that should always be treated with caution especially during illness. After acknowledging the important contributions of diet, the authors explain that a cardiovascular patient should be properly inducted on the kinds of foods to use during illness (Menasch, et al., 2015). This makes the article to be appropriate because a proper management of diet can help in ensuring that the patient is fully-supported to manage the condi tion and works towards the improvement of health. The other reason why this article has been chosen is that it is a reliable resource that should be included when conducting a research on heart failure. It is an article that contains updated information. Its publication in 2013 implies that it is one of the most current resources in cardiovascular diseases. When conducting research, it is important to have current resources because they contain useful sets of data on the latest trends in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of the condition (Motoki, et al., 2016). Lastly, the article should be used in addressing Charlies case because it touches on nutrition matters that will have to be part of the research (Guo, Pittler Ernst, 2008). It cannot be good to attend to a cardiovascular patient without incorporating the element of nutrition and diet. The rationale for choosing Nurse-led heart failure clinics improve survival and self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure: results from a prospective, randomized trial is that it is a result of extensive research that was conducted to study the impacts of the contribution of nurses on the improvement of the survival of cardiovascular patients. The article provides reliable data that should be included in the study (Faris, Flather, Purcell, PooleWilson Coates, 2006). It is a peer-reviewed journal whose research was conducted by reputable scholars. In addition, the collection of the data for the research was appropriately done. The methodology applied in the collection of data is okay because it included the use of randomized trial which is good for scientific research (Teerlink, et al., 2013). It can generate data that can be generalized to provide a wider understanding on the concept for which research is conducted. It therefore means that the research is an appropriate one for usage in understanding what the cardiovascular patient is going through. Recommendations Heart failure is a very troublesome cardiovascular illness in the healthcare sector. A cardiovascular patient like Charlie should be provided with high quality services to enable them improve their health. Therefore, this paper presents the following recommendations: First, a patient with heart failure should be provided with adequate attention by the healthcare providers. The findings in the first article should be applied because, with the support of a nurse, the patient can be empowered to be an active contributor in the treatment, management, and healing process (Chin, et al., 2014). Secondly, the patient suffering from a cardiovascular illness should be provided with nutritional support. Diet is an important factor that should be considered when providing healthcare services to a patient (Gorthi, Huntera, Mooss, Alla Hilleman, 2014). In this regard, it is advisable to educate the patient on the strategies that should be adopted when choosing a diet to use while managing the illness. Finally, it is recommended that a heart failure patient should be empowered to adopt behaviours that can help in the management of the condition. Self-management is an important aspect of treatment that should be treated with lots of care. It can help in facilitating the healing process. References Chin, M. P., et al., (2014). Risk factors for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with bardoxolone methyl. Journal of cardiac failure, 20(12), 953-958. Damman, K., et al., (2014). Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. European heart journal, 35(7), 455-469. Faris, R., Flather, M., Purcell, H., PooleWilson, P.Coates, A. (2006). Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003838. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003838.pub2. Gorthi, J., Huntera, C., Mooss, A.,Alla, V., Hilleman, D. (2014). Reducing Heart Failure Hospital Readmissions: A Systematic Review of Disease Management Programs. Cardiology Research, 5(5), 126-138. Guo, R., Pittler, M., Ernst, E. (2008), Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005312. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2. McMurray, J. J., et al., (2014). Baseline characteristics and treatment of patients in Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM?HF). European journal of heart failure, 16(7), 817- 825. Menasch, P., et al., (2015). Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. European heart journal, 36(30), 2011- 2017. Molloy, G., O'Carroll, R., Witham, M., McMurdo, M., (2012). Interventions to enhance adherence to medications in patients with heart failure: a systematic review. Circulation Heart Failure, 5(1), 126-133. Motoki, N., et al., (2016). Successful treatment of arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy in an infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. BMC pediatrics, 16(1), 16. Teerlink, J. R., et al., (2013). Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 381(9860), 29-39. Wu,J., Corley, D., Lennie, T.,Moser, D. (2012), Effect of a medication-taking behavior feedback theory-based intervention on outcomes in patients with heart failure.Journal of Cardiac Failure, 18(1), 1-9. Zannad, F., et al., (2015). Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. The Lancet, 385(9982), 2067-2076.

Relationships Essays - Dan Humphrey, Alex Udinov,

Relationships Relationships Most people believe that their relationship is not like others. They don't have problems. These kinds of people also think that their partner won't cheat on them or do anything wrong. But the truth is that almost all relationships won't last forever. A few reasons relationships fall apart are one partner cheats, they lose interest in each other, lack of communication which causes problems, if you try to change someone and it backfires, and if you hide something you should have told the other person and then they find out about it later. In a relationship you can tell when you're losing interest in each other. Some signs are that you don't talk much with each other, you don't spend time together anymore instead it's spent with your friends away from home. Some signs to tell if the other person in the relationship is cheating is by the person starts to come home from work later than they usually do, they start to smell like perfume that neither of you have, when you confront them about cheating and they get all nervous and deny it, when you ask them why they've been coming home late from work lately and they makeup stupid excuses. Sometimes they say they are going somewhere but when you phone to see if they are there they aren't. If you're in a relationship and the person does any of these things, your relationship could be falling apart. In this kind of abusive relationship, you should know it is time to leave. The reason you should leave an abusive relationship is because if you don't, you could end up hurting yourself. Most of the time when a person is in this kind of a position, they are too scared to leave it. Because they think the one who is abusing will hurt them more. In some cases they could. Therefore, it is important to leave. Another thing about people who are in this position is that if you suspect they are being abused and you confront them about it, they will deny it and change the subject. A few other signs of someone being abused is if they always have bruises all over their body and you ask them what happened, it takes them a while to answer and finally when they do answer its something like I accidentally fell down the stairs or I walked into something. These kinds of people should get help fast, like going to the police before something serious happens and they get hurt really bad and end up in th e hospital. People define a soul mate as someone who likes the same things as they do, they get along with each other perfectly, and they know everything about each other. A few other definitions of a soul mate are that they feel complete when they are with each other and both of them believe it's true love. Some people never marry only date because they believe that someday the right person will come along and may just happen to be their soul mate. Many others don't believe in soul mates because they think it's impossible to find someone that likes exactly what they do and gets along fine no matter what. Sometimes people do find their soul mates and sometimes people spend their whole lives looking for theirs. As you can see, I think that relationships aren't impossible but it is hard to find a good one where both of you get along fine and there aren't many problems. In every relationship there will always be problems no matter what you do. There are no such things as relationships with any problems. Technology Essays

Macbeth And Lennox Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Macbeth And Lennox Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Macbeth And Lennox LENNOX. Lennox is a political power-seeker, and we saw him on stage every time we saw Duncan on stage. He is one of those people who gravitates to power and gets as close to it as possible so that he can feel it and share it as much as possible. Once Macbeth is king, then Lennox is around him all the time, too. At the banquet when Macbeth saw Banquo's ghost, he was the one to invite Macbeth to sit next to him. He was the one to have the last word even when Lady Macbeth shouted for everyone to leave the room: Better health attend his majesty. Macbeth brought Lennox in to a place of great trust, as can be seen when Macbeth went to see the witches again: he took Lennox with him. At the end of the play, when the power changed sides, so did Macbeth. He was with the forces fighting against Macbeth. Therefore, Lennox would do ANYTHING to be in the glow of the power. In order to secure a better position with Macbeth, he became the third murderer. Macbeth asked him to go because he needed a warrior to make sure the job got done; he could not trust the two men he had hired to kill the great warrior, Banquo, without the help of another thane/warrior. Lennox was the one for the job. Macbeth knew he would do anything to stay near the power, and he took advantage of this. Another take on Lennox as the third murderer has him as a spy in Macbeth's castle, loyal to the forces opposing Macbeth. Lennox had been loyal to Duncan and ended up as one of the leaders of the forces opposing Macbeth in the end of the play. In fact, it was Lennox who knew where every soldier was, so he must have had the master plan for the battle in his possession. (When the question was asked in the end, Who knows if Donalbain be with his brother? it was Lennox who knew for certain that he was not. Lennox had a list of all the gentry. A political power-seeker would not earn that kind of position so quickly in the rebellion, so he must have been against Macbeth all along. His negative opinion of Macbeth was clearly expressed in Act III, scene vi, when he calls him a tyrant and rails against him openly to the unnamed Lord. Macbeth himself talks about how he has spies in every one else's castle: There's not a one of them but in his house/ I keep a servant feed (Act III, scene iv). Therefore, Lennox is a spy in Macbeth's castle. In the position of trust he has managed to obtain, he is sent out at the last minute to help with the killing of Banquo. Although he does not want to blow his cover, he cannot let Banquo die. However, the light is extinguished, the two murderers set upon Banquo immediately, killing him before Lennox can stop them, so he does the best that he can by helping Fleance to escape. He then returned to the banquet, where he would not have been missed. He maintains his close link to Macbeth, but does not give him any information that would help Macbeth. Note the fact that he does not tell Macbeth about Macduff's flight to England until his hand is forced by the two or three riders who came by in Act IV to report the information to Macbeth. The audience knows, though, that he already knew this from the conversation he had earlier with the unnamed Lord. He kept this information from Macbeth because he was a spy.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Leadership - Essay Example as observed that , transformational leaders who may happen to have narcissistic tendencies can apply a very powerful influence over followers, who may give them trust and respect (Stone, Russel and Patterson, 2003, p.4) as to manipulate the latter. Manipulating followers may actually be violating the latter’s very freedom as the act would amount to misleading them to choosing what is proper as free human beings. These followers may virtually submit their wills to their leaders. The possibility of this argument is due to the appeal to emotions which a key ingredient to practice transformational leadership. The source of the first criticism is the fact that there are allegedly people who were transformational leaders who led their people to destruction. Used as examples are the cases of Rev Jim Jones and Hitler. In the case of Jones, the leader caused massive Jonestown suicide after convincing his people of the value of his proposition no matter how evil it may be (Krans, B. 2007). Which could be more evil than taking one’s life by the instigation of a leader who is supposed to espouse and value life and on the greatest values on human being? The case of Hitler is too familiar to escape mentioning the same when it comes to leaders who could move their followers to attainment of objectives and goals of the group. Who could imagine that Hitler was able to have the command of his followers to exterminate millions of Jews as to offend the sensibility of human kind? Hitler and Himmler, his fanatical racist and ultimate bureaucrat what able to take control of anti-Jewish initiatives and Hitler was the ideological and political author of the Holocaust (Farmer, 2010). The reasoning behind the criticism is assumption that there is a tendency by the transformational leaders to take advantage of the emotions of the followers who may forget about the supremacy of reason because they have virtually submitted their beliefs and wills to their leader because of their

MSc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution Essay

MSc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution - Essay Example Recent years have registered a growing trend of alternative dispute-resolution methods, for instance, mediation, adjudication, conciliation, and various other hybrid arrangements1. This can be attributed to the drawbacks associated with arbitration and litigation, namely, the upsurge in costs, deferrals and hostile relationships between parties. Unfortunately, during the last decade superfluous and increasingly complicated stipulations were incorporated in construction contracts. In general, this involved the addition of numerous alternative dispute resolution methodologies and arbitration divided into redundant tiers2. These apparently more economic and swift alternative dispute resolution techniques only rendered the process more ineffective instead of the other way round. Mediation plays an integral role in determining the conditions of contracts. The exercise of Alternative Dispute Resolution has gained widespread prominence for working out differences in every sphere of life. Du ring recent years legal systems have increasingly adopted restorative justice practices3, this implies that Alternative dispute resolution is even employed for dealing with criminal cases. ... 2. Dispute Resolution Methods Dispute resolution method potentially ensues in the following three outcomes, namely, an agreement (negotiation), compromise (conciliation) or judgment (court or arbitration rulings). The mediation outcome falls under the agreement and cannot legally bind parties to abide by the mediation outcome unlike arbitration or court proceedings5. But to be an ideal solution, the agreement should meet the interests of all participant parties. 3. Categorization Of Mediation Outcome Arbitration comprises a ruling given by a neutral, mutually nominated arbitrator. However, mediation outcome can be classified as a contract6. By taking into account elements that validate a contract, we can notice that in a mediation outcome, the opposing parties exchange informed offers and acceptances in order to determine an outcome. Moreover, consideration and intention to enter into a legal relationship exists so it can be concluded that it is simply not a concurrence of offers and acceptances. Therefore, the mediation outcome meets the criteria of a contract and should not be confused for a judgment which is a legal determination imposed on parties regardless of their consent. 4. Discharging Mediation Outcome The creditor should normally expect a voluntary settlement as regards to the obligation as is the case in normal contracts. However, in the case where the debtor continues to defer the obligation, the outcome will vary according to the commencement of the mediation process. Normally, two hypothetical circumstances exist: 4.1 Parties choose Mediation over Litigation As mentioned before, a mediation outcome is simply a contract; hence, the creditor can utilize the same remedies as are available to a contractor.  

Effects of Website Attributes on Customer Satisfaction

Effects of Website Attributes on Customer Satisfaction ABSTRACT This study investigates the important attributes of online web stores in e-commerce by examining the possible website elements that determine different aspects of the association between customers satisfaction and e-commerce website attributes. A questionnaire consisting of 24 items was completed by 60 respondents. The instrument for this study was developed on the basis of â€Å"SERVQUAL† using a 5 point Likert scale. There were five independent variables used in the study out of which two were included as a result of stepwise multiple regression model which are: websResponse (accounting for 26.3% of the total variance); and webCustomization (accounting for 5.1% of the total variance). Results of a stepwise regression indicated that two website attributes significantly predict customer satisfaction (31.4% of the combined explained variance). Within the five website attributes in E-commerce website dimension, â€Å"website response† correlated highly with customer satis faction (26.3% of the explained variance). The results of the study indicate that the two website attributes of e-commerce (website response and website customization) impact the customers satisfaction and other three do not have a significant influence. The study concludes with related implications and design guidelines to enhancing customer satisfaction of e-commerce. Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in E-commerce SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION The Internet is no longer a niche technology it is mass media and an utterly integral part of modern life. As our lives become more fractured and cluttered, it isnt surprising that consumers turn to the unrivalled convenience of the Internet when it comes to searching and buying product. 1.1 INTROduction to E-COMMERCE The rise of the WWW gives birth to new phenomena in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. The internet has played a vital and important part to encourage selling products and services online which makes life convenient for the audiences, which in an inter-connected world, is well, the whole world. E-Commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency. E-commerce has given rise to the concept of completely online shops selling products and services, efficiently catalogued and available for the shoppers convenience. There are several websites that stock everything from lifestyle items, collectibles, books, electronic appliances etc. The level of e-commerce use can be measured by using an e-commerce capability indicator. E-commerce capability indicator by Molla Licker:  § No e-commerce indicates a company without e-mail or an Internet connection.  § Connected e-commerce represents a company that has an Internet connection and e-mail.  § Informational e-commerce indicates a company using a Web site to publish basic information about the company and its products/services in a static manner.  § Interactive e-commerce refers to the ability of users to search the companys product catalogue, make queries, and enter orders.  § Transactional e-commerce allows online selling and purchasing of products or services including online payment and customer service. E-business applications can be divided into three categories. First is an internal business system in which customer relationship management (CRM), Enterprise resource planning (ERP), and Human Resource management (HRM) type of systems are involved. Second is enterprise communication and collaboration such as content management system (CMS), business process management (BPM) and web conferencing etc. Third is e-commerce that includes Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce and Business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce. Online shopping comes under this category on which this study is conducted. Several e-commerce service providers are available on web that provides professional customized web designing services that suit their clients needs. Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:  § Online Shopping (Web Shop)  § Online Banking  § Online Marketing  § CRM etc 1.1.1 Online Shopping Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the services over the web. Online shopping is a type of business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. The term web shop also refers to a place of business where web development, web hosting and other types of web related activities take place (Web refers to the World Wide Web and shop has a idiomatic meaning used to describe the place). 1.2 service quality The level of service received on a web site. Dependent on reliability, responsiveness and availability of staff and the web site service. Service quality is comprised of five dimensions. These are:  § Tangibles: appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and written materials (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006).  § Reliability: ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately.  § Assurance: employees knowledge and courtesy and their ability to inspire trust and confidence.  § Responsiveness: willingness to help customers and provide prompt service.  § Empathy: caring, individualized attention given to customers. 1.2.1 Service quality dimensions in e-commerce systems Lets examine how customers judge the five dimensions of service quality in perspective of e-commerce systems. Tangibles refer to the physical appearance of an e-commerce website, its structure, layout, theme etc and referred as â€Å"website structure†. Reliability represented as â€Å"website adequacy† which provides the relevant and needed information provided by an e-commerce system when customer clicked or requested for. Assurance termed as â€Å"website security† refers as the trustworthy service provider that could include a well reputable website, reliable payments methods etc. Responsiveness is the prompt and relevant response to the specific request of users described by â€Å"website response†. Empathy knows internal customers as individual; understanding individual needs and concerns such as by providing recommendations that matches the customers needs which is termed as â€Å"website customization† in world of web. 1.2.2 service quality framework (SERVQUAL) SERVQUAL was originally measured on 10 aspects of service quality: reliability, responsiveness, competence, access, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, understanding or knowing the customer and tangibles. By the early nineties the authors had refined the model to the useful acronym RATER.  § Reliability  § Assurance  § Tangibles  § Empathy, and  § Responsiveness SERVQUAL has its detractors and is considered overly complex, subjective and statistically unreliable. The simplified RATER model however is a simple and useful model for qualitatively exploring and assessing customers service experiences and has been used widely by service delivery organizations. 1.2.3 customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction refers to the extent to which customers are happy with the products and services provided by a business. Customer satisfaction levels can be measured using survey techniques and questionnaires. Gaining high levels of customer satisfaction is very important to a business because satisfied customers are most likely to be loyal and to make repeated orders and to use a wide range of services offered by a business. The basic definition of customer satisfaction says that Customer satisfaction is a term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is an abstract concept and the actual manifestation of the state of satisfaction will vary from person to person and product/service to product or service. The level of satisfaction can also vary depending on other options the customer may have and other products against which the customer can compare the organizations products or services. 1.3 Customer Satisfaction Based on Perceived service quality of e-commerce systems The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The website structure of an e-commerce websites is all about the tangibility dimension. The reliability dimension in this study is measured by the attribute called website adequacy. The website response variable indicates the responsiveness dimension. Website security as another attribute of an e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension and the empathy dimension described by the website customization The overall customer satisfaction is based on the five service quality dimensions representing various service attributes: tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. The detailed model used in this study is presented in figure A. The website design elements are characterized into five different types which are supposed to influence the five service quality dimensions. This study hypothesizes that some website attributes that are based on service quality dimensions has an impact on an online customer satisfaction. In other words, customers satisfaction level will increase if the e-commerce system provides a higher level of service quality through different website attributes. 1.4 Increased trend of Online surfing and shopping in Pakistan The trend of an online surfing is increasing rapidly due to the increased benefits by the use of e-commerce business environment. People visit e-commerce web sites not only for buying but for several other reasons and the smart retailer just should not only focus on boosting online browse-to-buy conversion rates, but should also try to grab the attention of an online visitors who came in for review so as they could become a customer later. Many people feel it comfortable to review the products through an extensive knowledge provided over the internet before actually buying a particular product. For this purpose, e-commerce website provides an interface to the buyers to write their reviews and share their after-purchase experiences. Thus, the e-commerce systems reduce the time and efforts required for the first step of information search in consumer decision making process. That is, by just few clicks a consumer can have a concise analysis for what matches his/her needs. There are some factors emerged as a results of the changes in lifestyle and habits of consumer which has promoted the trend of online searching and shopping in Pakistan. Some of these factors are lack of time, need of convenience and easy access to the desired object. Moreover, e-commerce websites facilitates the visitor in many ways to boost up online browse-to-buy conversion rate. Whenever a new customer lands on an e-commerce website, he/she must be having many questions in their minds regarding the products and services. A well-framed ecommerce site has an enquiry page for their customers. This gives the chance to the visitor to post an enquiry with your site. Main aim of this page is to gather all relevant and necessary information from the customers so that they can be given response in an apt manner. Within the past decade, e-commerce has matured and grown exponentially. The result: now there are many types of e-commerce payment methods available online. If your credit is bad and you cannot afford a merchant account, there are alternative methods of payments on e-commerce websites which can help you. The e-commerce systems give customers controlled access to the data they need. In other words, not only are you managing your relationship with your customers, you are giving your customers the tools to manage their relationship with you. THESIS STRUCTURE This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the problem about which the research was carried out and in general about the trends of online shopping in Pakistan. Chapter 2 is about the literature review and the theoretical background is developed. In Chapter 3, researcher describes the methodology adopted including sources of information and data collection procedure is discussed. In chapter 4, the empirical data collected through questionnaire is analyzed and results are concluded on the basis of a survey. In Chapter 5, Conclusions are drawn and necessary recommendations are suggested. 1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM â€Å"Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce.† The main purpose of this research is to find out the different attributes which encourage consumers to visit, search and shop on a particular website. 1.6 OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study are as follows: To identify the most important website element of e-commerce with respect to the customer satisfaction. To examine what is important to the customer regarding website attributes in e-commerce with perspective of website builders. 1.6.1 Possible Research Findings The research will also provide the following significances.  § Help the organization to better understand what customers expect in e-commerce and how those expectations impact customer attitude.  § The study will examine what the customer views as major attributes of website in e-commerce.  § Able to investigate the major customer attitudes associated with website structure in e-commerce.  § The study will indicate the link between the website attributes and the customer attitudes. 1.7 HYPOTHESES H1: Website structure has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H2: Website adequacy has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H3: Website security has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H4: Website response has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H5: Website customization has a significant association with customer satisfaction. SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to e-commerce: The propagation of WWW has originated few facts in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. A transaction between two or more participants through an electronic medium is defines as e-commerce (Kalacota and Whinston 1997). As an e-commerce is rapidly raising field, therefore for accomplishing success in this market, a top quality information system is necessary (Margherio et al. 1998). An e-commerce system is designed by selectively integrating many technical (e.g. search system) or managerial (e.g. the level of information related to product) design elements (Lohse and Spiller 1998). It is still very difficult, if not impossible; to make use of all the design factors presently available for the e-commerce system although many design factors have been suggested to improve the overall quality of e-commerce system (Selz and Schubert 1997, Lohse and Spiller 1998). This is because of the recent arrival of new design factors resulted by an increase in the interest of Internet (Selz and Schubert 1997). The main goal of this paper is to explore important design elements that have significant influence on the customer satisfaction regarding the performance of e-commerce systems. In this paper, the study presents a conceptual model of e-commerce websites that includes concrete design elements, perceived level of website quality and the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE 2002). There is remarkable potential for e-commerce in developing countries. Online shopping makes it easy to find things, merchants and best offerings and thus economical in terms of time and effort offerings (Balasubramanian, 1997). According to the Malone et al (1989) communicating a same piece of information through communication networks results in decreased cost and improved speed. There is tremendous potential for e-commerce in developing countries because the use of an e-commerce can potentially reduce transaction costs. As per Malone et al (1989) observation, the search costs such as cost of identifying a market (from where to buy a product) and /or a product or service are likely to reduce with the use of e-commerce systems and can be defined as potential e-commerce cost savings. From an organizations perspective, e-commerce systems provide the organization with the better market reach and an ability to provide their customer a customized service that suits their individual needs and preferences. For example the exchange between â€Å"richness† and â€Å"reach† can be minimized by e-commerce (Evans Wurster, 2000). Richness refers to the quality and quantity of information in terms of accuracy, relevance, customization, etc. and reach measures the number of people who can be got in touch with that information. 2.2 Service quality dimensions: The overall customer satisfaction can be measured by the level of service quality of an e-commerce system that customer perceives. Some researchers (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988) stated that consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction is as an ancestor of service quality. Conversely, modern evidence recommends that it is an outcome of service quality (Woodside, Frey and Daly 1989; Cronin and Taylor 1992). Service quality attributes are the most important factors for the success of an e-commerce systems For example Liu and Arnett (2000) found that organizations that involve in e-commerce can only ensure the success of their system by keenly looking for the ways to improve their service quality. The customers decision whether to continue using a particular e-commerce system is based on the perceived quality of service (Bhattacherjee 2001) as the service quality impacts the overall satisfaction of a customer. Tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy are the five dimensions of service quality. (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). The tool that is being used in this study to measure the dimensions of service quality is SERVQUAL According to Brown et al. this instrument has been proved valid and reliable and hence used in various domains. (Brown et al.1993, Fisk et al. 1993, Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1993). On the basis of previous researches, service quality despite being a main interesting field in services marketing for the past two decades (Zeithaml et al., 2000); electronic service quality is still in its early stages in research area. Reil el al in 2001concluded that there has been no theoretical conceptualization emerged for customer evaluation of electronic services that could have been accepted generally. Cox and Dale (2001) has supported this conception by the fact that most out of the dominant research on service quality cannot even be valid to e-business environment. By the year 2002, the existing studies on the determinants of electronic service quality were based on measuring B2C interactions (Gilbert, 2000; Barnes and Vidgens 2000, 2001 and 2002) and few exploratory researches on website quality and e-service quality by Zeithaml et al. In early stages of service quality research, researcher were required to find out what is service quality from customers perspective (Sasser et al.,1979; Lehtinen and Lehtinen,1982; Gronroos,1982). It was normally approved that the judgment of service quality came from comparisons between what customers feel a service provider should offer (expectations) and the actual service performance of the company (perceptions) (Zeithaml et al., 2000). This view was reinforced by Parasuraman Zeithaml (2000) and Berry (1985) in their study of service quality in different service industries with which they discussed the concept of service quality as a function of expectations-perception gap. Parasuraman et als, identified the 10 dimensions that customer uses in their assessment of service quality. These 10 service quality dimensions then shaped the source for the development of a scale (SERVQUAL) to measure service quality in direct service interactions. Research extended in other context and as a result refined the scale and reduced it to 5 dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles) Since the SERVQUAL scale has been widely used to measure service quality in many studies across a range of settings (IS Departments; Airlines; Universities; Ocean Freight Shipping; Professional Services; Health Providers; International Markets; Purchasing; Advertising; Banking; E-commerce). Initially the concept of services were created to capture the nature of service encounters (Meuter et al., 2000) which may not be sufficient to capture the characteristics of customer interactions with self-service technologies such as e-services (Dabholkar et al.,1996). Later on, many approaches have been proposed to study online service. (Gilbert, 2000; Gronroos et al., 2000; Parasuraman and Grewel, 2000; Kaynama and Black, 2000; Zeithaml, et al., 2000; ONeill, et al., 2001) proposed the use of existing service theory as a first type. The second type utilizes generated new categories for self-service technologies such as e-services (Szymanski and Hise, 2000; van Riel, et al., 2001; Wang and Tang, 2001; Ruyter et al., 2001). Third type develops information systems and web quality theory (Barnes and Vidgen, 2000; 2001; 2002; Aladwani and Palvia, 2001). These researches have centered on customer interactions with a variety of self-service technologies such as automated call centre technology, ATMs and Web sites and touch screen technologies. A redefined SERVQUAL instrument to measure the service expectations and perceptions of customers of Internet businesses was used by Gilbert in 2000 in which he concluded that to measure online service quality, the altered SERVQUAL scale was a practical instrument. The features that are useful, accurate, relevant and comprehensive information reflect the reliability of quality information (Bailey and Pearson 1983). Bailey and Pearson (1983) also identified that website reliability depends on to what level the information provided on the website about the product or service is true, precise and also depend to what level a customer can rely on a particular website that it provides enough amount of information available regarding each product. (Luedi 1997) stated that website personalization based on the ability of website to deliver individualized interface for a specific user which generated dynamically as per users needs. This may involve making purchase recommendations and /or providing the list of other relevant products that matchs the customer needs. This can be extracted through the previous data available regarding an individual user such as buying behavior, cart items and the current session contents. Providing customized services is the best way to create a loyal customer and make repeat visits on a website Luedi (1997). The concern over security continues to plague the online world. Variables like perceived security, reputation were included in this study to examine the customer attitude towards buying process. Even though the understanding of credit card transactions perceived secure like a waiters and waitresses, still security is the top concern of people who shop online (Salisbury et at. 2001, Luo 2002. Wilson and Abel 2002). Likewise security is the reason why people do not shop online (Luo 2002). The research variable of Security reflects trust in the online system and the variable reputation reflects trust in the specific vendor. Discovering whether vendors receive repeat business reflects the overall buying attitude of consumers. Overall customer satisfaction at online shopping measures which attributes helps the website meets expectations. 2.3 Website elements: The first phase of consumer decision making process that is the information search starts the minute customers look at the interface of e-commerce website and ends until they decide whether to place the purchase order or not (Schmid 1995). The role of website structure remains important during the phase of information search process such as site maps, navigation, content settings and layout of website etc. The content, structure and website elements should be portrayed explicitly on the e-commerce interface. Website structure that includes the presentation of design elements determines how the information is actually displayed on the screen to acquire the customer attention (Morris and Hinrich 1996). Convenient website structure defined as to what extent a customer feels that the e-commerce website is user friendly, simple and instinctive. (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008) Website adequacy describes the quality and quantity of the information provided in the e-commerce system. Content based on usefulness and comprehensiveness involves the type and scope of information to be included in the system (Morris and Hinrich 1996, Kim et al 1997). After the collection of appropriate information regarding the identified products or services, the contents must be placed in a well organized manner so that the customer can understand the interface easily (Gronroos 1982, Rosenfeld and Morville 1998). A well-defined and properly placed content is a feature of website which indicates the ability to made information easily available to visitors (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008). When adequate and reliable information has been properly dispersed across different web pages within the structure of the e-commerce website, an efficient interaction system must be provided to enable the customer to switch between different pages easily (Kim and Yoo 2000, Park and Kim 2000). Ballantine (2005) has found the impact of interactivity and product related information on customer satisfaction in an online trade setting. He argued in his study that the amount of product-related information affected consumer satisfaction of online shopping. An important design element that relates to the interaction system includes the involvement of website response and website customization ability. Website Customization is referred as the extent to which an e-commerce website can identify a customer and then modify the choice of products and shopping experience for that customer (Srinivasan et al., 2002). Cook and Coupey (2001) in their research argued that the improved accessibility of information on internet is likely to result in informed customers. And educated customers are able to make better quality decisions and will then experience more satisfaction with the visits and purchases they make. The connection between all of the five individual variables describes the basic architecture of web pages (Steinmetz and Nahrsted, 1995). The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. Satisfied customers have more potential to spread positive word-of-mouth (Gremler and Brown, 1999), and they avail further services (Zeithaml et al., 1996). The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). Attributes related to the website structure such as physical appearance of e-commerce websites are represented by tangibility dimension. For example, the tangibility measures the appeal of the website design of e-commerce system presents to their customers. The ability of the website to provide the dependable, accurate service is represented by reliability dimension. (Pit et al. 1995). For example, the reliability dimension measures how often an e-commerce system provides useful and comprehensive information regarding the relevant products or services. The responsiveness dimension indicates how prepared the website is to promptly response the customer with the clicked option. (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the responsiveness dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily provides services that are important to its customers such as less loading time. Or it can be measured by how often a website provides accurate and rich information after a user clicked a particular product. The trust and confidence encouraged in the customer by the information provided on e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the assurance dimension can be measured by extent to which a website is able to give a secure feeling to an online buyer. The empathy dimension described as the individual attention to the customer that is being provided by the dynamic e-commerce website (Pit et al. 1995). For example this dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily offers recommendations that match to its customers needs in order to provide the individual customers benefit. In summary, the overall quality of an e-commerce system can be measured by the service quality level perceived by its customers and ultimately leads to the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE, 2002). Parasuraman, Zeithaml et al. (1988, 1991) in study on SERVQUAL found that the interactive elements of e-commerce systems are e-business features that help in building relationships with customer and are fall into five main sets that are tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. Due to the consistency of research findings stated in literature, it become easy to propose that the five main determinants of e-commerce include website structure, website adequacy, website security, website response and website customization (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). In an e-business structure, the customer interaction with the business is through the e-commerce website. Therefore, several original SERVQUAL items were modified to focus on e-commerce website. The definition of an empathy dimension was extended to include personalization or customization, which is the concept of web gurus as they believe the emotional connection between customer and web business (Peppers et al. 1999). The overall appearance and structure of e-commerce website shows its tangibility. The performance of promised services and adequacy of information explains the reliability of an e-commerce website. Responsiveness is the ability of e-commerce system to help and provide prompt response to the website user. The individualized attention and customized service provided by the e-commerce system to an individual customer is described as empathy. Security is the trust on an e-commerce system in protecting personal and financial information (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). The major factors that impact the customer attitude are the five main attributes of e-commerce system. The model in Figure 1 describes how these attributes of e-commerce system work together to achieve customer satisfaction. The satisfaction/dissatisfaction of customer is defined as an emotional response to a specific consumption experience (Swan and Oliver 1989). It is determined by to what extent a consumer perceives that the service fulfills his/her needs, wants or desires. Satisfaction is a â€Å"state† inconsistent in that a consumer can be â€Å"very dissatisfi